This data is a 5km monthly hydrological data set, including grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation), simulated and output through the WEB-DHM distributed hydrological model of the Indus River basin, with temperature, precipitation, barometric pressure, etc. as input data.
WANG Lei, LIU Hu
The water level observation data set of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau contains the daily variations of water levels for three lakes: Zhari Namco, Bamco and Dawaco. The lake water level was obtained by a HOBO water level gauge (U20-001-01) installed on the lakeshore, then corrected using the barometer installed on the shore or pressure data of nearby weather stations, and then the real water level changes were obtained. The accuracy was less than 0.5 cm. The items of this data set are as follows: Daily variation data of water level in Zhari Namco from 2009 to 2014; Daily variation data of water level in Bamco from 2013 to 2014; Daily variation data of water level in Dawaco from 2013 to 2014. Water level, unit: m.
LEI Yanbin
Lakes collect runoff, sediment and nutrients from upstream watersheds and are an important "destination" of material migration at the watershed scale. Therefore, the attributes of lake water and sediment are affected by catchment attributes (e.g. climate, terrain and vegetation conditions) to a large degree. This dataset delineates the watershed boundaries of 1525 Lakes (with an area from 0.2 to 4503 square kilometers) on the Tibetan Plateau, and calculates 721 catchment-scale attributes on the aspects of lake body, terrain, climate, vegetation, soil/geology and anthropogenic activities. This is the first dataset of lake-catchment characteristics on the Tibetan Plateau, which can provide foundamental data for the study of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau.
LIU Junzhi
This data is generated based on meteorological observation data, hydrological station data, combined with various assimilation data and remote sensing data, through the preparation of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau multi-level hydrological model system WEB-DHM (distributed hydrological model based on water and energy balance) coupling snow, glacier and frozen soil physical processes. The time resolution is monthly, the spatial resolution is 5km, and the original data format is ASCII text format, Data types include grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation in the month). If the asc cannot be opened normally in arcmap, please top the first 5 lines of the asc file.
WANG Lei, CHAI Chenhao
This data includes bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data from 25 lakes in the middle of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The sample was collected from July to August 2015, and the surface water was sampled three times with a 2.5 liter sampler. The samples were immediately taken back to the Ecological Laboratory of the Beijing Qinghai Tibet Plateau Research Institute, and the salinity gradient of the salt lake was 0.14~118.07 g/L. This data is the result of amplification sequencing. Concentrate the lake water to 0.22 at 0.6 atm filtration pressure μ The 16S rRNA gene fragment amplification primers were 515F (5 '- GTGCCAAGCCGCGGTAA-3') and 909r (5 '- GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3'). The Illumina MiSeq PE250 sequencer was used for end-to-end sequencing. The original data was analyzed by Mothur software. The sequence was compared with the Silva128 database and divided into operation classification units (OTUs) with 97% homology. This data can be used to analyze the microbial diversity of lakes in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
KONG Weidong
The data set includes the observation data of river water level and velocity at No. 6 point in the dense observation of runoff in the middle reaches of Heihe River from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. The observation point is located in Gaoya National Hydrological Station, zhaojiatunzhuang, Ganzhou District, Zhangye City, Gansu Province. The riverbed is sandy gravel with stable section. The longitude and latitude of the observation point are n39 ° 08'06.35 ", E100 ° 25'58.23", 1420 m above sea level, and 50 m wide river channel. Hobo pressure water level gauge is used for water level observation, with acquisition frequency of 60 minutes. Data description includes the following two parts: Water level observation, 60 minutes in unit (cm) in 2014; Data covers the period of January 1, 2014 solstice December 31, 2014; Flow observation, unit (m3); According to the monitoring flow of different water levels, the flow curve of water levels was obtained, and the change process of runoff was obtained by observing the process of water levels.The missing data are uniformly represented by the string -6999. For information of hydrometeorological network or station, please refer to Li et al.(2013), and for observation data processing, please refer to He et al.(2016).
HE Xiaobo, LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, XU Ziwei
This dataset contains the annual variation of runoff from the major hydrological stations in the Yarlung Zangbo River (annual average runoff volume, annual extremum ratio, coefficient of variation, etc.). It can be used to study the hydrological characteristics of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The original data are the national hydrological station data, and the quality requirements are the same as the national standards. Spatial Coverage: 4 hydrological stations in the main streams of the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, which are Lazi, Nugesha, Yangcun and Nuxia. This data sheet has five fields. Field 1: Station Name Field 2: Annual average runoff volume Field 3: Annual Extreme Ratio Field 4: Coefficient of variation Field 5: Data Series Length
YAO Zhijun
Known as the "Asian water tower", the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is the source of many rivers in Southeast Asia. As an important and easily accessible water resource, the runoff provided by it supports the production and life of billions of people around it and the diversity of the ecosystem. The glacier runoff data set in the five river source areas of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau covers the period from 2005 to 2010, with a time resolution of every five years. It covers the source areas of the five major rivers in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (the source of the Yellow River, the source of the Yangtze River, the source of the Lancang River, the source of the Nujiang River, and the source of the Yarlung Zangbo River). The spatial resolution is 1km. Based on multi-source remote sensing, simulation, statistics, and measured data, GIS methods and ecological economics methods are used, The value of water resources service in the cryosphere in the source area of the river and river is quantified, and all its data are subject to quality control.
WANG Shijin
This data is a 5km monthly hydrological data set, including grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation). This data is a 5km monthly hydrological data set, including grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation).
WANG Lei
This product provides the data set of key variables of the water cycle of Arctic rivers (North America：Mackenzie, Eurasia：Lena) from 1998 to 2017, including 7 variables: precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, underground runoff, glacier runoff, snow water equivalent and three-layer soil humidity, which are numerically simulated by the land surface model vic-cas developed by the project team. The spatial resolution of the data set is 50km and the temporal resolution is month. This data set can be used to analyze the change of water balance in the Arctic River Basin under climate change, and can also be used to compare and verify remote sensing data products and the simulations of other models.
ZHAO Qiudong, WANG Ninglian, WU Yuwei
The data set includes the observed and simulated runoff into the sea and the composition of each runoff component (total runoff, glacier runoff, snowmelt runoff, rainfall runoff) of two large rivers in the Arctic (North America: Mackenzie, Eurasia: Lena), with a time resolution of months. The data is a vic-cas model driven by the meteorological driving field data produced by the project team. The observed runoff and remote sensing snow data are used for correction. The Nash efficiency coefficient of runoff simulation is more than 0.85, and the model can also better simulate the spatial distribution and intra/inter annual changes of snow cover. The data can be used to analyze the runoff compositions and causes of long-term runoff change, and deepen the understanding of the runoff changes of Arctic rivers.
ZHAO Qiudong, WU Yuwei
The basic data of hydrometeorology, land use and DEM were collected through the National Meteorological Information Center, the hydrological Yearbook, the China Statistical Yearbook and the Institute of geographical science and resources of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The distributed time-varying gain hydrological model (DTVGM) with independent intellectual property rights is adopted for modeling, and the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is divided into 10937 sub basins with a threshold of 100 square kilometers. The daily flow data of 14 flow stations in Heihe River, Yarlung Zangbo River, Yangtze River source, Yellow River source, Yalong River, Minjiang River and Lancang River Basin were selected to draft and verify the model. The daily scale Naxi efficiency coefficient is above 0.7 and the correlation coefficient is above 0.8. The model simulates the water cycle process from 1998 to 2017, and gives the spatial and temporal distribution of 0.01 degree daily scale runoff in the whole Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
YE Aizhong
This product provides the data set of key variables of the water cycle of major Arctic rivers (North America: Mackenzie, Eurasia: Lena from 1971 to 2017, including 7 variables: precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, underground runoff, glacier runoff, snow water equivalent and three-layer soil humidity, which are numerically simulated by the land surface model vic-cas developed by the project team. The spatial resolution of the data set is 0.1degree and the temporal resolution is month. This data set can be used to analyze the change of water balance in the Arctic River Basin under long-term climate change, and can also be used to compare and verify remote sensing data products and the simulation results of other models.
ZHAO Qiudong, WANG Ninglian, WU Yuwei
The Qinghai Tibet Plateau is known as the "Asian water tower", and its runoff, as an important and easily accessible water resource, supports the production and life of billions of people around, and supports the diversity of ecosystems. Accurately estimating the runoff of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and revealing the variation law of runoff are conducive to water resources management and disaster risk avoidance in the plateau and its surrounding areas. The glacier runoff segmentation data set covers the five river source areas of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau from 1971 to 2015, with a time resolution of year by year, covering the five river source areas of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (the source of the Yellow River, the source of the Yangtze River, the source of the Lancang River, the source of the Nujiang River, and the source of the Yarlung Zangbo River), and the spatial resolution is the watershed. Based on multi-source remote sensing and measured data, it is simulated using the distributed hydrological model vic-cas coupled with the glacier module, The simulation results are verified with the measured data of the station, and all the data are subject to quality control.
WANG Shijin
Surface soil moisture (SSM) is a crucial parameter for understanding the hydrological process of our earth surface. Passive microwave (PM) technique has long been the primary choice for estimating SSM at satellite remote sensing scales, while on the other hand, the coarse resolution (usually >~10 km) of PM observations hampers its applications at finer scales. Although quantitative studies have been proposed for downscaling satellite PM-based SSM, very few products have been available to public that meet the qualification of 1-km resolution and daily revisit cycles under all-weather conditions. In this study, therefore, we have developed one such SSM product in China with all these characteristics. The product was generated through downscaling of AMSR-E and AMSR-2 based SSM at 36-km, covering all on-orbit time of the two radiometers during 2003-2019. MODIS optical reflectance data and daily thermal infrared land surface temperature (LST) that have been gap-filled for cloudy conditions were the primary data inputs of the downscaling model, in order to achieve the “all-weather” quality for the SSM downscaling outcome. Daily images from this developed SSM product have achieved quasi-complete coverage over the country during April-September. For other months, the national coverage percentage of the developed product is also greatly improved against the original daily PM observations. We evaluated the product against in situ soil moisture measurements from over 2000 professional meteorological and soil moisture observation stations, and found the accuracy of the product is stable for all weathers from clear sky to cloudy conditions, with station averages of the unbiased RMSE ranging from 0.053 vol to 0.056 vol. Moreover, the evaluation results also show that the developed product distinctly outperforms the widely known SMAP-Sentinel (Active-Passive microwave) combined SSM product at 1-km resolution. This indicates potential important benefits that can be brought by our developed product, on improvement of futural investigations related to hydrological processes, agricultural industry, water resource and environment management.
SONG Peilin, ZHANG Yongqiang
The long-term sequence data set of lake areas on the Tibetan Plateau contains area data of 364 lakes with areas greater than 10 square kilometers from 1970s to 2013. Based on Landsat images, Landsat data in October are mainly used, and one data is taken every three years to reduce seasonal variation and make the available data reach the maximum. The data set is extracted by the NDWI Water Index, and each lake undergoes manual visual inspection and edition. The data set can be used to study lake change, lake water balance and climate change on the Tibetan Plateau. Data type: Vector data. Projection: WGS84.
ZHANG Guoqing
The near surface atmospheric forcing and surface state dataset of the Tibetan Plateau was yielded by WRF model, time range: 2000-2010, space range: 25-40 °N, 75-105 °E, time resolution: hourly, space resolution: 10 km, grid number: 150 * 300. There are 33 variables in total, including 11 near surface atmospheric variables: temperature at 2m height on the ground, specific humidity at 2m height on the ground, surface pressure, latitudinal component of 10m wind field on the ground, longitudinal component of 10m wind field on the ground, proportion of solid precipitation, cumulative cumulus convective precipitation, cumulative grid precipitation, downward shortwave radiation flux at the surface, downward length at the surface Wave radiation flux, cumulative potential evaporation. There are 19 surface state variables: soil temperature in each layer, soil moisture in each layer, liquid water content in each layer, heat flux of snow phase change, soil bottom temperature, surface runoff, underground runoff, vegetation proportion, surface heat flux, snow water equivalent, actual snow thickness, snow density, water in the canopy, surface temperature, albedo, background albedo, lower boundary Soil temperature, upward heat flux (sensible heat flux) at the surface and upward water flux (sensible heat flux) at the surface. There are three other variables: longitude, latitude and planetary boundary layer height.
PAN Xiaoduo
This data provides the annual lake area of 582 lakes with an area greater than 1 km2 in the enorheic basin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1986 to 2019. First, based on JRC and SRTM DEM data, 582 lakes are identified in the area that are larger than 1 km2. All Landsat 5/7/8 remote sensing images covering a lake are used to make annual composite images. NDWI index and Ostu algorithm were used to dynamically segment lakes, and the size of each lake from 1986 to 2019 is then calculated. This study is based on the Landsat satellite remote sensing images, and using Google Earth Engine allowed us to process all Landsat images available to create the most complete annual lake area data set of more than 1 km2 in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area; A set of lake area automatic extraction algorithms were developed to calculate of the area of a lake for many years; This data is of great significance for the analysis of lake area dynamics and water balance in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, as well as the study of the climate change of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau lake.
ZHU Liping,
The Tibetan Plateau, featuring the most extensive lake distribution in China, has seen rapid expansion of most its lakes. These lakes are important nodes for regional water and energy cycles, and highly sensitive to climate change. It is therefore imperative to unravel lake water storage changes under climate variation and change to improve the understanding of mechanisms of the interactions between regional hydrology and climate and their changes. This developed data set provides water level, hypsometric curves, and lake storage changes for 52 large lakes across the TP from 2000 to 2017, comprising traditional altimetry water levels and a unique source of information termed as the optical water levels derived from tremendous amounts of Landsat archives using Google Earth Engine. Field experiments agree with the theoritical analysis that the uncertainty of optical water level is 0.1 - 0.2 m, comparable with that of altimetry water level. The uncertainty of altimetry water level is represented by the standard deviation of water levels obtained from effective footprints of the same cycle, which is included in the dataset. This dataset is applicable in water resource and security management, lake basin hydrological analysis, water balance analysis and the like. For instance, it has great potential in monitoring lake overflow flood.
LI Xingdong, LONG Di, HUANG Qi, HAN Pengfei, ZHAO Fanyu, WADA Yoshihide
Based on 11 well-acknowledged global-scale microwave remote sensing-based surface soil moisture products, and with 9 main quality impact factors of microwave-based soil moisture retrieval incorporated, we developed the Remote Sensing-based global Surface Soil Moisture dataset (RSSSM, 2003~2020) through a complicated neural network approach. The spatial resolution of RSSSM is 0.1°, while the temporal resolution is approximately 10 days. The original dataset covered 2003~2018, but now it has been updated to 2020. RSSSM dataset is outstanding in terms of temporal continuity, and has full spatial coverage except for snow, ice and water bodies. The comparison against the global-scale in-situ soil moisture measurements indicates that RSSSM has a higher spatial and temporal accuracy than most of the frequently-used global/regional long-term surface soil moisture datasets. In addition, although RSSSM is remote sensing based, without the incorporation of any precipitation data or records, its interannual variation generally conforms with that of precipitation (e.g., the GPM IMERG precipitation data) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Moreover, RSSSM can also reflect the impact of human activities, e.g., urbanization, cropland irrigation and afforestation on soil moisture changes to some degree. The data is in ‘Tiff’ format, and the size after compression is 2.48 GB. The relevant data describing paper has been published in the Journal ‘Earth System Science Data’ in 2021.
CHEN Yongzhe, FENG Xiaoming, FU Bojie
The data set is the seasonal hydrological observation data of the Yellow River from the hydrological station of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. There are two hydrological stations: 1. Longmen hydrological station in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, which is the weekly hydrological data in 2013, including water temperature (T), runoff (QW), physical erosion rate (per) and pH. 2. Tangnaihai hydrological station of the Yellow River is monthly data from July 2012 to June 2014, including runoff (QW), sediment (salt), pH and EC. The data set was commissioned to be observed by the staff of the hydrological station of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission to provide basic hydrological data for the study of hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydrosphere cycle under the background of Qinghai Tibet Plateau uplift.
JIN Zhangdong, ZHAO Zhiqi
Agricultural Water Resources Supply, Demand and Development Data Set in the Five Central Asia Countries from 1980 to 2015 are derived from the Global Land Surface Data Assimilation System, including precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff data output based on Noah, Mosaic and VIC models, respectively. The data set has high temporal and spatial resolution and good longitude. It is widely used in global and regional scale research. The results of precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff simulation of Noah, Mosaic and VIC models are consistent in spatial distribution. It can be used to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of water resources in Central Asia, to analyze the supply and demand relationship of agricultural water resources and to evaluate the potential of water resources development.
ZHANG Yongyong
Glacier is the supply water source of rivers in the western mountainous area, and it is one of the most basic elements for people to survive and develop industry, agriculture and animal husbandry in the western region. Glaciers are not only valuable fresh water resources, but also the source of serious natural disasters in mountainous areas, such as sudden ice lake outburst flood, glacier debris flow and ice avalanche. Glacier hydrological monitoring is the basis for studying the characteristics of glacier melt water, the replenishment of glacier melt water to rivers, the relationship between glacier surface ablation and runoff, the process of ice runoff and confluence, and the calculation and prediction of floods and debris flows induced by glacier and seasonal snow melt water. Glacial hydrology refers to the water and heat conditions of glacial covered basins (i.e. glacial action areas), that is, the water and heat exchange between glaciers and their surrounding environment, the physical process of water accumulation and flow on the surface, inside and bottom of glaciers, the water balance of glaciers, the replenishment of glacial melt water to rivers, and the impact of water bodies in cold regions on climate change. At present, hydrological monitoring stations are mainly established at the outlet of the river basin to carry out field monitoring《 Glacial water resources of China (1991), hydrology of cold regions of China (2000) and glacial Hydrology (2001) summarize the early studies on glacial hydrology. China has carried out glacier hydrological monitoring on more than 20 glaciers in Tianshan, Karakorum, West Kunlun, Qilian, Tanggula, Nianqing Tanggula, gangrigab, Hengduan and Himalayas. This data set is the monthly runoff data of representative glaciers.
YANG Wei, LI Zhongqin, WANG Ninglian, QIN Xiang
In order to investigate the variation characteristics of agricultural water resources vulnerability in Central Asia, an index system was established with 18 indicators from three components, namely exposure, sensitivity and adaptation, according to the scheme of vulnerability assessment. Based on the socio-economic, topography, land cover and soil data, agricultural water resources vulnerability were calculated using the Equal-Weights and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Each original raster data is resampled, starting from the upper-left corner of the original grid, and extending to the adjacent right and lower grids in turn, and every four grids (0.5 °) are merged into one grid, taking the median data as the center point value corresponding to four grid of geographic coordinates. The extreme values of the grids could be eliminated. The data sets includes 1992-1996, 1997-2001, 2002-2006, 2007-2011, 2012-2017and 1992-2017with a spatial resolution of 0.5°*0.5°. It is expected to provide basic data support for agricultural water supply and demand, development and utilization analysis in five central Asian countries.
LI Lanhai, YU Shui
The data consists of three fields: longitude, latitude and lake depth. Using sonar equipment to measure the depth of water on the lake, GPS synchronous measurement of longitude and latitude. The salinity and temperature data of lake water are used to correct the depth data measured by sonar, and the outliers are eliminated. The underwater topographic map of lake can be formed by interpolation of water depth data. Using the underwater topographic map, the water storage of lakes can be calculated and the total water quantity of lakes in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau can be evaluated. The underwater topographic map combined with remote sensing data can also be used to study the characteristics and influencing factors of lake water quantity variation in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, which is an important part of the study of water quantity variation in the Asian water tower.
ZHU Liping
Land surface temperature (LST) is a key variable for high temperature and drought monitoring and climate and ecological environment research. Due to the sparse distribution of ground observation stations, thermal infrared remote sensing technology has become an important means of quickly obtaining ground temperature over large areas. However, there are many missing and low-quality values in satellite-based LST data because clouds cover more than 60% of the global surface every day. This article presents a unique LST dataset with a monthly temporal resolution for China from 2003 to 2017 that makes full use of the advantages of MODIS data and meteorological station data to overcome the defects of cloud influence via a reconstruction model. We specifically describe the reconstruction model, which uses a combination of MODIS daily data, monthly data and meteorological station data to reconstruct the LST in areas with cloud coverage and for grid cells with elevated LST error, and the data performance is then further improved by establishing a regression analysis model. The validation indicates that the new LST dataset is highly consistent with in situ observations. For the six natural subregions with different climatic conditions in China, verification using ground observation data shows that the root mean square error (RMSE) ranges from 1.24 to 1.58 K, the mean absolute error (MAE) varies from 1.23 to 1.37 K and the Pearson coefficient (R2) ranges from 0.93 to 0.99. The new dataset adequately captures the spatiotemporal variations in LST at annual, seasonal and monthly scales. From 2003 to 2017, the overall annual mean LST in China showed a weak increase. Moreover, the positive trend was remarkably unevenly distributed across China. The most significant warming occurred in the central and western areas of the Inner Mongolia Plateau in the Northwest Region, and the average annual temperature change is greater than 0.1K (R>0:71, P<0:05), and a strong negative trend was observed in some parts of the Northeast Region and South China Region. Seasonally, there was significant warming in western China in winter, which was most pronounced in December. The reconstructed dataset exhibits significant improvements and can be used for the spatiotemporal evaluation of LST in high-temperature and drought-monitoring studies. More detail please refer to Zhao et al (2020). doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3528024
MAO Kebiao
The Land Surface Temperature in China dataset contains land surface temperature data for China (about 9.6 million square kilometers of land) during the period of 2003-2017, in Celsius, in monthly temporal and 5600 m spatial resolution. It is produced by combing MODIS daily data(MOD11C1 and MYD11C1), monthly data(MOD11C3 and MYD11C3) and meteorological station data to reconstruct real LST under cloud coverage in monthly LST images, and then a regression analysis model is constructed to further improve accuracy in six natural subregions with different climatic conditions.
MAO Kebiao
The data set consists of four sub tables, which are remote sensing monitoring of Lake area from 2000 to 2019, total lake water storage based on underwater 3D simulation model, Lake area volume equation based on underwater 3D simulation model, and key parameters and results of water storage measurement and Simulation of 24 typical lakes in Qinghai Province. The first sub table is the time series Lake area data from 2000 to 2019 from remote sensing image data monitoring. The third sub table stores the area storage capacity equation of the lake based on the underwater three-dimensional simulation model of the lake. The second sub table is the estimation result by combining the time series Lake area data and the area storage capacity equation, Finally, the key parameters and results of water storage measurement and Simulation of 24 typical lakes in Qinghai Province from 2000 to 2019 are obtained, including simulated water depth, maximum water depth, simulated reference water level and corresponding Lake area of each lake, which are stored in the fourth sub table.
FANG Chun, LU Shanlong, JU Jianting, TANG Hailong
Glacier is the supply water source of rivers in the western mountainous area, and it is one of the most basic elements for people to survive and develop industry, agriculture and animal husbandry in the western region. Glaciers are not only valuable fresh water resources, but also the source of serious natural disasters in mountainous areas, such as sudden ice lake outburst flood, glacier debris flow and ice avalanche. Glacier hydrological monitoring is the basis for studying the characteristics of glacier melt water, the replenishment of glacier melt water to rivers, the relationship between glacier surface ablation and runoff, the process of ice runoff and confluence, and the calculation and prediction of floods and debris flows induced by glacier and seasonal snow melt water. Glacial hydrology refers to the water and heat conditions of glacial covered basins (i.e. glacial action areas), that is, the water and heat exchange between glaciers and their surrounding environment, the physical process of water accumulation and flow on the surface, inside and bottom of glaciers, the water balance of glaciers, the replenishment of glacial melt water to rivers, and the impact of water bodies in cold regions on climate change. At present, hydrological monitoring stations are mainly established at the outlet of the river basin to carry out field monitoring《 Glacial water resources of China (1991), hydrology of cold regions of China (2000) and glacial Hydrology (2001) summarize the early studies on glacial hydrology. China has carried out glacier hydrological monitoring on more than 20 glaciers in Tianshan, Karakorum, West Kunlun, Qilian, Tanggula, Nianqing Tanggula, gangrigab, Hengduan and Himalayas. This data set is the monthly runoff data of representative glaciers.
YANG Wei, LI Zhongqin, WANG Ninglian, QIN Xiang
The data set mainly includes the ice observation frequency (ICO) of north temperate lakes in four periods from 1985 to 2020, as well as the location, area and elevation of the lakes. Among them, the four time periods are 1985-1998 (P1), 1999-2006 (P2), 2007-2014 (P3) and 2015-2020 (P4) respectively, in order to improve the "valid observation" times in the calculation period and improve the accuracy. The ICO of the four periods is calculated by the ratio of "icing" times and "valid observation" times counted by all Landsat images in each period. Other lake information corresponds to the HydroLAKEs data set through the "hylak_id" column in the table. In addition, the data only retains about 30000 lakes with an area of more than 1 square kilometer, which are valid for P1-P4 observation. The data set can reflect the response of Lake icing to climate change in recent decades.
WANG Xinchi
The dataset includes vector map of the lakes larger than 1k㎡ on Tibetan Plateau in 1970s, 1990, 2000, 2010. The lake boundry data was extracted from remote sensing image like Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, by means of visual interpretation. The data type is vector data, and it's attribute class includes Area (km²). The Projected Coordinate System is Albers Conical Equal Area. It is mainly used in the study of changes in lakes, hydrological and meteorological on the Tibetan Plateau.
ZHANG Guoqing
This dataset provides the in-situ lake water parameters of 124 closed lakes with a total lake area of 24,570 km2, occupying 53% of the total lake area of the TP.These in-situ water quality parameters include water temperature, salinity, pH,chlorophyll-a concentration, blue-green algae (BGA) concentration, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM), and water clarity of Secchi Depth (SD).
ZHU Liping
Lake salinity is an important parameter of lake water environment, an important embodiment of water resources, and an important part of climate change research. This data is based on the measured salinity data of lakes in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The salinity is characterized by the practical salinity unit (PSU), which is converted from the specific conductivity (SPC) measured by the conductivity sensor. ArcGIS software was used to convert the measured data into space vector format. SHP format, and the measured salinity spatial distribution data file was obtained. The data can be used as the basic data of lake environment, hydrology, water ecology, water resources and other related research reference.
ZHU Liping
This is the 1976, 1991, 2000, and 2010 vector data set of glaciers and glacial lakes in the Boqu Basin in Central Himalaya based on Landsat satellite images. The data source is from Landsat remote images. 1976: LM21510411975306AAA05, LM21510401976355AAA04 1991: LT41410401991334XXX02, LT41410411991334XXX02 2000: LE71410402000279SGS00, LE71400412000304SGS00, LE71410402000327EDC00, LE71410412000327EDC00 2010: LT51400412009288KHC00, LT51410402009295KHC00, LT51410412009311KHC00, LT51410402011237KHC00. The boundaries of glaciers and glacial lakes are extracted manually from the various remote sensing images. The extraction error of the boundaries of glaciers and glacial lakes is estimated to be 0.5 pixels. Data file: Glacial_1976: Glacier vector data in 1976 Glacial_1991: Glacier vector data in 1991 Glacial_2000: Glacier vector data in 2000 Glacial_2010: Glacier vector data in 2010 Glacial_Lake_1976: Glacial lake vector data in 1976年 Glacial_Lake_1991: Glacial lake vector data in 1991 Glacial_Lake_2000: Glacial lake vector data in 2000 Glacial_Lake_2010: Glacial lake vector data in 2010 The glacial lake vector data fields include Number, name, latitude and longitude, altitude, area, orientation, type of glacial lake, length, width, and distance from the glacier.
WANG Weicai
Based on the long-term observation data of the field stations in the alpine network and the overseas stations in the pan third polar region, a series of data sets of meteorological, hydrological and ecological elements in the pan third polar region are established; through the intensive observation and sample plot and sample point verification in key areas, the inversion of meteorological elements, lake water and water quality, aboveground vegetation biomass, glacier and frozen soil change and other data products are completed; based on the Internet of things, the data products are retrieved Network technology, research and establish meteorological, hydrological, ecological data management platform of multi station networking, to achieve real-time data acquisition and remote control and sharing. The hydrological data set of the surface process and environment observation network in China's alpine regions in 2019 mainly collects the measured hydrological (runoff, water level, water temperature, etc.) data at six stations, including Southeast Tibet station, Zhufeng station, Yulong Snow Mountain station, Namco station, Ali station and Tianshan station. Southeast Tibet station: flow data, including 4 times of using M9 to measure flow in 2019, including average velocity, flow and maximum water depth; relative water level data is measured by hobo pressure water level meter, including daily average relative water level and water temperature data in 2019. Namco station: discharge data, including the data measured by domestic ls-1206b hand-held current meter for 4 times in 2019, including river width and flow data. The water level data is measured by hobo pressure water level meter, including the water pressure, water temperature and electricity of the original 1 hour in 2019. The relative water level can be calculated by water pressure; Everest station: rongbuhe river discharge, including river width and discharge data measured by domestic ls-1206b hand-held current meter 13 times from June to September 2019; Ali station: flow data: including 22 times of irregular measurement data by river anchor M9 in 2019, and relative water level data measured by hobo pressure water level meter, including hourly water level and water temperature data of the whole year in 2019; Tianshan station: water level data: including daily average water level of 3 points in 2019 Yulong Xueshan station: including mujiaqiao flow data from January to October in 2019
ZHU Liping,
This data is from the hydrological station of kafinigan River, a tributary of the upper Amu Darya River. The station is jointly built by Urumqi Institute of desert meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Institute of water energy and ecology of Tajik National Academy of Sciences and Tajik hydrometeorological Bureau. The data can be used for scientific research such as water resources assessment and water conservancy projects in Central Asia. Data period: November 3, 2019 to December 3, 2020. Data elements: Hourly velocity (M / s), hourly water level (m) and hourly rainfall (m). Site location: 37 ° 36 ′ 01 ″ n, 68 ° 08 ′ 01 ″ e, 420m 1、 300w-qx River velocity and water level observation instrument （1） Flow rate parameters: 1 power supply voltage 12 (9 ~ 27) V (DC) The working current is 120 (110 ~ 135) MA 3 working temperature (- 40 ~ 85) ℃ 4 measurement range (0.15 ~ 20) m / S The measurement accuracy is ± 0.02m/s The resolution is less than 1 mm The detection range is less than 0.1 ~ 50 m 8 installation height 0.15 ~ 25 m 9 sampling frequency ＜ 20sps （2） Water level parameters: 1 measuring range: 0.5 ~ 20 m The measurement accuracy is ± 3 mm The resolution is less than 1 mm The repeatability was ± 1 mm 2、 SL3-1 tipping bucket rain sensor 1. Water bearing diameter Φ 200mm 2. The measured precipitation intensity is less than 4mm / min 3. Minimum precipitation of 0.1 mm 4. The maximum allowable error is ± 4% mm 3、 Flow velocity, frequency of data acquisition of the observation instrument: the sensor measures the flow velocity and water level data every 5S 4、 Calculation of hourly average velocity: the hourly average velocity and water level data are obtained from the average of all the velocity and water level data measured every 5S within one hour 5、 Description of a large number of values of 0 in water level data: the value of 0 in water level data is caused by power failure and restart of sensor due to insufficient power supply. The first data of initial start-up is 0, resulting in the hourly average value of 0. After the power supply transformation on July 26, 2020, the data returned to normal. At the end of September 2020, the power supply began to be insufficient. After the secondary power supply transformation on December 25, 2020, the data returned to normal 6、 Description of water level monitoring (such as line 7358, 2020 / 11 / 3, 16:00, maximum water level 6.7m, minimum water level 0m, how to explain? In addition, the maximum value of the highest water level is 6.7m, which appears many times in the data. It seems that 6.7m is the limit value of the monitoring data. Is this the case? ）: 6.7m is the height from the initial sensor to the bottom of the river bed. The appearance of 6.7m is the abnormal data when the sensor is just started. The sensor is restarted due to the power failure caused by the insufficient power supply of the equipment. This abnormal value appears in the initial start-up. After the power supply transformation on December 25, 2020, the data returns to normal
HUO Wen, SHANG Huaming
This dataset includes inland water data of five countries in the Great Lakes region of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), including the distribution of rivers, canals and lakes. The line and area features of each country are stored in different files. The dataset comes from the Digital Map of the World (DCW), and its main source is the Operational Navigation Map (ONC) 1:1,000,000 scale paper map series of the US Defense Survey and Mapping Agency (DMA) produced by the United States, Australia, Canada and the UK. The DCW database is the most comprehensive global geographic information system database available free of charge since 2006, although it has not been updated since 1992.
XU Xiaofan, TAN Minghong
This dataset includes inland water data of five countries in the Great Lakes region of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), including the distribution of rivers, canals and lakes. The line and area features of each country are stored in different files. The dataset comes from the Digital Map of the World (DCW), and its main source is the Operational Navigation Map (ONC) 1:1,000,000 scale paper map series of the US Defense Survey and Mapping Agency (DMA) produced by the United States, Australia, Canada and the UK. The DCW database is the most comprehensive global geographic information system database available free of charge since 2006, although it has not been updated since 1992.
XU Xiaofan, TAN Minghong
This dataset includes inland water data of five countries in the Great Lakes region of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), including the distribution of rivers, canals and lakes. The line and area features of each country are stored in different files. The dataset comes from the Digital Map of the World (DCW), and its main source is the Operational Navigation Map (ONC) 1:1,000,000 scale paper map series of the US Defense Survey and Mapping Agency (DMA) produced by the United States, Australia, Canada and the UK. The DCW database is the most comprehensive global geographic information system database available free of charge since 2006, although it has not been updated since 1992.
XU Xiaofan, TAN Minghong
Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are an indicator and sentinel of climatic changes. We extended lake area changes on the TP from 2010 to 2021, and provided a long and dense lake observations between the 1970s and 2021. We found that the number of lakes, with area larger than 1 k㎡ , has increased to ~1400 in 2021 from ~1000 in the 1970s. The total area of these lakes decreased between the 1970s and ~1995, and then showed a robust increase, with the exception of a slight decrease in 2015. This expansion of the lakes on the highest plateau in the world is a response to a hydrological cycle intensified by recent climate changes.
ZHANG Guoqing
We comprehensively estimated water volume changes for 1132 lakes larger than 1 km2. Overall, the water mass stored in the lakes increased by 169.7±15.1 Gt (3.9±0.4 Gt yr-1) between 1976 and 2019, mainly in the Inner-TP (157.6±11.6 or 3.7±0.3 Gt yr-1). A substantial increase in mass occurred between 1995 and 2019 (214.9±12.7 Gt or 9.0±0.5 Gt yr-1), following a period of decrease (-45.2±8.2 Gt or -2.4±0.4 Gt yr-1) prior to 1995. A slowdown in the rate of water mass increase occurred between 2010 and 2015 (23.1±6.5 Gt or 4.6±1.3 Gt yr-1), followed again by a high value between 2015 and 2019 (65.7±6.7 Gt or 16.4±1.7 Gt yr-1). The increased lake-water mass occurred predominately in glacier-fed lakes (127.1±14.3 Gt) in contrast to non-glacier-fed lakes (42.6±4.9 Gt), and in endorheic lakes (161.9±14.0 Gt) against exorheic lakes (7.8±5.8 Gt) over 1976−2019.
ZHANG Guoqing
The data is the phytoplankton data of 70 points in 26 lakes in Tibet in 2020. The sampling time is from August to September. The sampling method is the conventional phytoplankton sampling method. 1.5 liters of samples are collected, fixed by Lugo's solution, siphoned and concentrated after static precipitation, and the results are examined by inverted microscope. The data includes the density data of different phytoplankton of 77 species / genus in 10 categories, including diatom, green algae, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellate, naked algae, cryptoalgae, brown algae, brown algae and CHAROPHYTA. This data is original and unprocessed. The unit is piece / L. The data can be used to characterize the composition and abundance of phytoplankton in the open water areas of these lakes, and can also be used to calculate the diversity of phytoplankton communities in these lakes.
ZHANG Min
The long-term evolution of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) could be observed from Landsat series of satellite data since the 1970s. However, the seasonal cycles of lakes on the TP have received little attention due to high cloud contamination of the commonly-used optical images. In this study, for the first time, the seasonal cycle of lakes on the TP were detected using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data with a high repeat cycle. A total of approximately 6000 Level-1 scenes were obtained that covered all large lakes (> 50 km2) in the study area. The images were extracted from stripmap (SM) and interferometric wide swath (IW) modes that had a pixel spacing of 40 m in the range and azimuth directions. The lake boundaries extracted from Sentinel-1 data using the algorithm developed in this study were in good agreement with in-situ measurements of lake shoreline, lake outlines delineated from the corresponding Landsat images in 2015 and lake levels for Qinghai Lake. Upon analysis, it was found that the seasonal cycles of lakes exhibited drastically different patterns across the TP. For example, large size lakes (> 100 km2) reached their peaks in August−September while lakes with areas of 50−100 km2 reached their peaks in early June−July. The peaks of seasonal cycles for endorheic lakes were more pronounced than those for exorheic lakes with flat peaks, and glacier-fed lakes with additional supplies of water exhibited delayed peaks in their seasonal cycles relative to those of non-glacier-fed lakes. Large-scale atmospheric circulation systems, such as the westerlies, Indian summer monsoon, transition in between, and East Asian summer monsoon, were also found to affect the seasonal cycles of lakes. The results of this study suggest that Sentinel-1 SAR data are a powerful tool that can be used to fill gaps in intra-annual lake observations.
ZHANG Yu, ZHANG Guoqing
Agricultural irrigation consumes a large amount of available freshwater resources and is the most immediate human disturbance to the natural water cycle process, with accelerated regional water cycles accompanied by cooling effects. Therefore, estimating irrigation water use (IWU) is important for exploring the impact of human activities on the natural water cycle, quantifying water resources budget, and optimizing agricultural water management. However, the current irrigation data are mainly based on the survey statistics, which is scattered and lacks uniformity, and cannot meet the demand for estimating the spatial and temporal changes of IWU. The Global Irrigation Water Use Estimation Dataset (2011-2018) is calculated by the satellite soil moisture, precipitation, vegetation index, and meteorological data (such as incoming radiation and temperature) based on the principle of soil water balance. The framework of IWU estimation in this study coupled the remotely sensed evapotranspiration process module and the data-model fusion algorithm based on differential evolution. The IWU estimates provided from this dataset have small bias at different spatial scales (e.g., regional, state/province and national) compared to traditional discrete survey statistics, such as at Chinese provinces for 2015 (bias = −3.10 km^3), at U.S. states for 2013 (bias = −0.42 km^3), and at various FAO countries (bias = −10.84 km^3). Also, the ensemble IWU estimates show lower uncertainty compared to the results derived from individual precipitation and soil moisture satellite products. The dataset is unified using a global geographic latitude and longitude grid, with associated metadata stored in corresponding NetCDF file. The spatial resolution is about 25 km, the time resolution is monthly, and the time span is 2011-2018. This dataset will help to quantitatively assess the spatial and temporal patterns of agricultural irrigation water use during the historical period and support scientific agricultural water management.
ZHANG Kun, LI Xin, ZHENG Donghai, ZHANG Ling, ZHU Gaofeng
Terrestrial actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems because it links the hydrological, energy, and carbon cycles. However, accurately monitoring and understanding the spatial and temporal variability of ETa over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remains very difficult. Here, the multiyear (2000-2018) monthly ETa on the TP was estimated using the MOD16-STM model supported by datasets of soil properties, meteorological conditions, and remote sensing. The estimated ETa correlates very well with measurements from 9 flux towers, with low root mean square errors (average RMSE = 13.48 mm/month) and mean bias (average MB = 2.85 mm/month), and strong correlation coefficients (R = 0.88) and the index of agreement values (IOA = 0.92). The spatially averaged ETa of the entire TP and the eastern TP (Lon > 90°E) increased significantly, at rates of 1.34 mm/year (p < 0.05) and 2.84 mm/year (p < 0.05) from 2000 to 2018, while no pronounced trend was detected on the western TP (Lon < 90°E). The spatial distribution of ETa and its components were heterogeneous, decreasing from the southeastern to northwestern TP. ETa showed a significantly increasing trend in the eastern TP, and a significant decreasing trend throughout the year in the southwestern TP, particularly in winter and spring. Soil evaporation (Es) accounted for more than 84% of ETa and the spatial distribution of temporal trends was similar to that of ETa over the TP. The amplitudes and rates of variations in ETa were greatest in spring and summer. The multi-year averaged annual terrestrial ETa (over an area of 2444.18×103 km2) was 376.91±13.13 mm/year, equivalent to a volume of 976.52±35.7 km3/year. The average annual evapotranspirated water volume over the whole TP (including all plateau lakes, with an area of 2539.49×103 km2) was about 1028.22±37.8 km3/year. This new estimated ETa dataset is useful for investigating the hydrological impacts of land cover change and will help with better management of watershed water resources across the TP.
MA Yaoming, CHEN Xuelong,
The matching data of water and soil resources in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the potential evapotranspiration data calculated by Penman formula from the site meteorological data (2008-2016, national meteorological data sharing network), the evapotranspiration under the existing land use according to the influence coefficient of underlying surface, and the rainfall data obtained by interpolation from the site rainfall data in the meteorological data, are used to calculate the evapotranspiration under the existing land use according to the different land types of land use According to the difference, the matching coefficient of water and soil resources is obtained. The difference between the actual rainfall and the water demand under the existing land use conditions reflects the matching of water and soil resources. The larger the value is, the better the matching is. The spatial distribution of the matching of soil and water resources can pave the way for further understanding of the agricultural and animal husbandry resources in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
DONG Lingxiao
The distribution of lakes in space and its change over time are closely related to agricultural, environmental and ecological issues, and are critical factors for human socio-economic development. In the past decades, satellite based remote sensing has been developed rapidly to provide essential data sources for monitoring temporal lakes dynamics with its advantage of rapidness, wide coverage, and lower cost. This dataset was produced from Landsat images using the automated water detection method (Feng et al, 2015). We collected 96,278 Landsat images (about 25 terabytes) that acquired since 2000 with less than 80% cloud contamination in the arid region of central Asia and Tibetan Plateau. Water is detected in each of the image and then aggregated to monthly temporal resolution by taking advantage of the high-performance processing capability and large data storage provided by Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) at University of Maryland. The results are validated systematically and quantitatively using manually interpreted dataset, which consists of a set of locations collected by a stratified random sampling strategy to effectively represent different spatial-temporal distributions in the region. The validation suggests high accuracy of the results (overall accuracy: 99.45(±0.59); user accuracy: 85.37%±(3.74); produce accuracy: 98.17(±1.05)).
FENG Min, CHE Xianghong
The data of this study is mainly based on Google Earth Engine big data cloud processing platform. Sentinel-2 of The Three River Headwater region, Pul and Yukon River Basins in 2017 is selected as the basic data, STRM-DEM and Global Surface Water are used as auxiliary data. AWEIn，AWEIs，WI2015，MNDWI，NDWI and other index threshold extraction are selected to obtain seasonal water body and permanent water body according to annual water frequency(spatial resolution 10m). This water data product provides effective basic data for high spatial-temporal resolution water body change and permafrost hydrological analysis.
RAN Youhua
Based on the data of Keyhole satellite in 1960s, using object-oriented supervised classification and manual visual interpretation and correction, water data products are produced. The total interpretation area is 645,000 km2, accounting for 96.28% of the study area, of which 18,844 km2 is missing in The Three River Headwater region, 4,220 km2 is missing in the Yukon River basin study area in Alaska, and 1,954 km2 is missing in the Pul River basin in West Siberia. The width of the minimum linear figure is more than 8 meters, the area of the minimum surface figure is more than 100 square meters, the trace accuracy is 2 pixels, and the first-class interpretation accuracy is more than 95%. The obtained high spatial resolution surface water data products provide effective data for the study of water changes in the 1960s and reliable basis for the study of frozen soil changes.
RAN Youhua
The multi-decadal lake number and area changes in China during 1960s–2020 are derived from historical topographic maps and >42151 Landsat satellite images, including lakes as fine as ≥1 km^2 in size for the past 60 years (1960s, 1970s, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020). From the 1960s to 2020, the total number of lakes (≥ 1 km ^ 2) in China increased from 2127 to 2621, and the area expanded from 68537 km ^ 2 to 82302 km ^ 2.
ZHANG Guoqing
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